For an individual surgical case-scenario, prior knowledge, preparedness and possibility of emulation are indispensable in raising patient-safety. For the lack of critical mass of evidence, controlled randomized trials, however, most of these general benefits remain anecdotal. 3D virtual and printed models often add important new anatomical findings and prompt alternative operative scenarios. ![]() In pediatric and congenital cardiac surgery, personalized imaging and 3D modelling presents with a range of advantages, e.g., better understanding of complex anatomy, interactivity and hands-on approach, possibility for preoperative surgical planning and virtual surgery, ability to assess expected results, and improved communication within the multidisciplinary team and with patients. Three-dimensional (3D) modelling and printing methods greatly support advances in individualized medicine and surgery.
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